Chapter 05

EU Fundraising Routes

Navigating AIFMD passport, NPPR, and ELTIF 2.0 for emerging managers targeting European investors in 2025-2026.

25 min read
13 sections

This chapter guides emerging fund managers through the three primary EU fundraising routes: the AIFMD passport for pan-EU professional access, NPPR for targeted market entry, and ELTIF 2.0 for private-wealth distribution with periodic liquidity.

The EU Regulatory Timeline

AIFMD II: Published March 26, 2024, with national transposition required by April 16, 2026. Managers should run gap-assessments during 2025-H1 2026 to operate in an AIFMD II-compatible manner before the deadline.

ELTIF 2.0 RTS

The Regulatory Technical Standards became effective October 26, 2024, making semi-liquid retail fund designs operational. The RTS specify redemption policies, liquidity-management tools deployment, transfer request matching, asset disposal criteria, and cost disclosures.

AIFMD II Changes

Five targeted areas receive updates:

  • Delegation oversight: Explicit expectations around supervisor documentation and reporting lines
  • Liquidity risk management: Clearer LMT governance and stress-testing protocols
  • Loan-originating AIFs: Harmonized frameworks for portfolio composition limits and retention rules
  • Supervisory reporting: Expanded data granularity to NCAs/ESMA
  • Depositary/custody: Clarifications aligning responsibilities

Route 1: AIFMD Passport

Scope

EU AIFMs marketing EU AIFs to professional investors (MiFID II definition) across multiple notified Member States without reapplying locally.

Registration Timeline

Submit Article 32 notification to home NCA including:

  • AIF rules and constitutional documents
  • PPM/IM materials
  • Article 23 disclosures (fees, valuation, liquidity, leverage, conflicts)
  • Target jurisdictions and marketing plan
  • Confirmation of Annex IV reporting compliance

Processing takes approximately 4 weeks after NCA confirms file completeness, following 20 working days for host-state notification.

Costs

Budget €10k-€40k for legal/filings depending on AIF complexity, localization, and NCA fees. Validate with multiple quotes.

Advantages

  • Pan-EU professional investor reach via single notification
  • Single supervisory home NCA as primary contact
  • Consistent Annex IV reporting across notified states

Requirements

  • AIFM organization and governance meeting standards
  • Contracted depositary
  • Documented valuation and liquidity-risk policies
  • Conflicts and delegation frameworks
  • Annex IV reporting capability

Operational Checklist

  • Article 23 cross-walk mapping PPM/IM to disclosure headings
  • Host-state legend pack with pre-approved footers and language versions
  • Annex IV readiness with dry-run mock filing
  • Distributor/placement agreement verification
  • Version control log for post-notification updates

Route 2: NPPR (National Private Placement Regimes)

Scope

Mechanism for non-EU AIFMs or EU AIFMs marketing non-EU AIFs to professional investors under AIFMD Article 42. Country-specific rather than pan-EU, generally excluding retail marketing.

Core Conditions

  • Provide Article 23 disclosures
  • File annual reports and regulatory reports (Annex IV style) quarterly/semi-annually/annually based on AUM and leverage
  • Confirm regulatory cooperation arrangements between host NCA and home supervisor
  • Verify fund/manager not in FATF high-risk third country
  • Observe host-state marketing rules including legends, language, record-keeping, facilities/local contact requirements

Timeline and Costs

Approximately 2-4 weeks post-complete file submission. Per-country budgets of €5k-€15k typical, increasing with parallel vehicles, feeders, or leverage complexity.

AIFMD II Impact

No abolition of NPPR; Member States retain discretion. Expect process refinements in reporting content/timing mirroring AIFMD II enhancements by April 2026.

Appropriate Use Cases

  • Testing demand in 1-2 Member States before EU AIFM commitment
  • Non-EU AIFMs without EU management footprint targeting specific countries
  • Strategies not requiring retail/private-wealth access

Operational Guardrails

  • Avoid over-reliance on reverse solicitation
  • Check local law regarding pre-marketing before teasers
  • Maintain country-specific marketing legends and translations
  • Dry-run Annex IV filings with administrator
  • Diarize annual renewals and fee payments by country
  • Create one-pager summaries per jurisdiction

Route 3: ELTIF 2.0

Scope

Regulated wrapper allowing EU-authorised AIFMs to distribute funds to retail and professional investors across the EU for long-term assets, private equity/credit, infrastructure, real assets, and certain securitisations.

Commercial Appeal

  • Opens private-wealth distribution channel at scale via wealth managers and platforms
  • Permits periodic redemptions without daily-liquidity promises using calibrated gates and notice periods
  • Benefits from pan-EU passport for consistent rules and documents across Member States

Operational Demands

  • Depositary, administrator, and distributors capable of retail-scale appropriateness/suitability checks
  • KID/PRIIPs delivery and AML/KYC at retail volume
  • Codified LMT toolkit including gates, notice periods, redemption queues, anti-dilution levies/swing pricing, side-pockets
  • Derivatives primarily for hedging; leverage-based return engineering constrained
  • Richer reporting including standard AIFMD plus investor-facing cost breakdowns and liquidity metrics aligned to RTS

Operating Mode Design

Start with dealing frequency and notice period (60-90 days typical). Size liquidity sleeve as cash, near-cash, or secondaries meeting expected net redemptions under conservative scenarios. Define gates (5-10% NAV per window typical), queuing rules, and transfer-request matching to secondary buyers if redemptions exceed capacity. Write ex-ante asset-disposal criteria specifying which assets, sale order, valuation protections. Build valuation governance around infrequent markets. Disclose prominently in prospectus and investor materials; mirror in administrator and distributor SOPs.

Documents and Distribution

  • ELTIF prospectus and constitutional docs
  • Cost disclosure annexes
  • Target market and distribution agreements
  • Retail-grade onboarding (e-subs, KID delivery, risk acknowledgments)
  • FAQ/illustratives for redemption calendars and LMT triggers
  • Portal supporting multi-jurisdiction legends, eligibility checks, two-way messaging

Timeline and Budgets

6-8 months from mandate to first dealing day. Setup budgets €50k-€100k; ongoing €10k-€20k annually for ELTIF-specific obligations, layering standard fund admin, audit, and custody costs.

Decision Tree

Professional investors, multi-country EU

→ AIFMD passport (ensure AIFMD II alignment by April 2026)

Testing 1-2 countries or non-EU AIFM

→ NPPR with country matrix and local legends

Private-wealth/retail with periodic liquidity

→ ELTIF 2.0 designed from RTS backward

UK focus

→ UK NPPR (no EU-UK passport)

AIFMD II Gap Assessment (April 2026 Preparation)

Delegation

AIFMD II raises oversight substance without banning delegation. Build one-page Delegation Map per function (portfolio management, risk, valuation, distribution) naming delegate, activities, responsible AIFM officer, and supervisory routines (MI packs, KPIs, exception thresholds, escalation paths).

Evidence Control

  • Quarterly delegate attestation on policy adherence, conflicts, sub-delegation, staff changes
  • Periodic file reviews (sampled IC memos, trade logs, risk reports with minutes)
  • Onsite/virtual diligence cadence with follow-up action items
  • Regulatory cooperation documentation for cross-border delegation

Liquidity Risk Management and LMT Governance

AIFMD II expects clearer portfolio liquidity-to-dealing-terms-to-LMT linkage. Refresh LRM Policy including:

  • Liquidity inventory with asset-level liquidation tiers and expected time-to-cash
  • Ex-ante LMT playbook specifying which tools (gates, notice extensions, queues, anti-dilution, side-pockets) deployable under what metrics
  • Stress tests showing redemption coverage under adverse scenarios and leverage-liquidity interaction
  • Board/IC reporting dashboards tracking cash runway, pending subscriptions/redemptions, illiquid concentration, LMT status; 24-48h escalation protocol

For semi-liquid/retail routes like ELTIF 2.0, ensure dealing calendar, gates, notice, and disposal criteria in investor documents match administrator and depository SOPs.

Loan-Originating AIFs (LO-AIF)

If funds originate loans, AIFMD II introduces portfolio-level limits, risk retention/skin-in-the-game, credit underwriting standards, and monitoring/workout requirements.

  • Write Credit Lifecycle Policy (origination → monitoring → restructuring → enforcement) with role ownership, covenant templates, impairment triggers
  • Add portfolio concentration and borrower exposure limits to risk appetite statement
  • Build credit MI (NPL ratio, Stage migration, PD/LGD assumptions, top exposures) and early-warning regime

Even "credit-light" strategies with convertible notes or venture debt should document LO-AIF applicability.

Supervisory Reporting

Expect more granular, frequent reporting to NCAs/ESMA. Treat 2025 as data engineering year:

  • Produce Data Dictionary listing every reportable field (instrument type, look-through, counterparties, derivatives, leverage, liquidity buckets, system of record, owner)
  • Run dry-run Annex IV with administrator; reconcile to portfolio and NAV
  • Implement controls layer (sign-offs, variance explanations, audit trail, reporting calendar tied to dealing dates and audits)

Forward-date templates for 2027 reporting go-lives; test submissions early.

Data Room Contents

  • AIFMD II Readiness Memo (delegation map, LRM/LMT playbook, LO-AIF applicability, reporting plan)
  • Policy pack (updated Delegation, LRM, Valuation, Conflicts, Credit Lifecycle)
  • Reporting samples (mock Annex IV, liquidity dashboard, board pack extracts)

Practical Playbook (2025-2026)

Q1 2025

Run formal AIFMD II gap assessment. Map delegation, LRM, conflicts, depositary/custody, loan-origination controls. Produce AIFM II Readiness Memo with owners and deadlines.

Q2-Q3 2025

Prepare passport file. Build Article 32 notification pack (AIF rules, depositary appointment, Article 23 disclosures, marketing legends). Target 20-working-day clock completion.

Interim to April 2026

For non-passport routes, maintain NPPR country matrix with filings, timelines, fees, legends. Diarize renewals and updates.

Post-April 2026

Operate under transposed AIFMD II rules as each Member State completes lawmaking.

Optional in Parallel

Design ELTIF 2.0 from RTS backward (redemption frequency, gates/notice, transfer-request matching, liquidity sleeves, cost disclosure). Involve distributor and depositary early.

Cost and Timeline Summary: AIFMD Passport: €20k-€40k setup, €5k-€10k annually, ~20 working days. NPPR: €5k-€15k per country, 2-4 weeks. ELTIF 2.0: €50k-€100k setup, €10k-€20k ongoing, 6-8 months.

Private Wealth Growth in the EU

ELTIF 2.0 is the primary mechanism for tapping Europe's private-wealth market with long-term illiquid strategies. Unlike classic closed-end VC restricted to professionals, ELTIF can reach retail when run by EU-authorised AIFM following the rulebook.

Why ELTIF 2.0 Matters Commercially

Private banks, RIAs, and fund platforms need standardized, well-disclosed products operable at scale. With ELTIF 2.0, managers design periodic-dealing access to PE/credit or infrastructure while avoiding false daily-liquidity promises. Distributors can run appropriateness checks, deliver KIDs, and onboard through existing portals.

For managers, the prize is broader LP base and stickier capital: advised retail, family offices, private-bank clients wanting long-term exposure with occasional liquidity. Trade-offs are operational: depositary, ELTIF-comfortable admin, MiFID product-governance distributor agreements, conservatively-sized liquidity sleeves.

Pragmatic Pattern: Dual-Track Distribution

Keep institutional AIF for professionals; add sister ELTIF vehicle/share class engineered from RTS backward (quarterly dealing, 60-90 day notice, calibrated gates, explicit cost tables). Reach private-wealth without diluting institutional terms; future-proof fundraising as platforms expand ELTIF shelves.